They
describe the preceding noun and give essential information about the
noun. They are introduced by a relative pronoun which can be replaced by
THAT or even omitted (except when the relative pronoun is subject of
the clause or is in the possessive case). They are not separated by
commas.
possessive
WHOSE
The film is about a man WHOSE children are kidnapped
Things as:
subject
WHICH / THAT
The cup WHICH / THAT is on the table is full of sugar
object (of a verb)
WHICH / THAT / --
The cup (WHICH / THAT) I bought in Venice is on the table
object (of a preposition)
WHICH / THAT / --
The novel (WHICH / THAT) you talked ABOUT is very good
Notice that the preposition moves to the end of the clause.
possessive
WHOSE
Living in a house WHOSE walls were made of glass would be horrible
Notice also that:
- when usually replaces in/on which (time) - where usually replaces in/at which (place) - why usually replaces for which (reason)
When, where and why used in this way are called relative adverbs, and can be omitted in the same way as relative pronouns.
Non-defining Relative Clauses
They
are placed after nouns which are definite already; therefore, the
information they add to the noun is not essential. They are always
introduced by a relative pronoun which cannot be replaced by THAT and
they are separated by commas.
subject
WHO
John, WHO is going to marry Jill soon, is an engineer
object (of a verb)
WHO (WHOM)
Peter, WHO everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent
object (of a preposition)
WHO (WHOM)
She asked Paul, WHO she worked FOR, to give her a holiday
Notice
that the preposition moves to the end of the clause. If the clause
contains an expression of time or place, this will remain at the end:
Peter, WHO I play tennis WITH on Sundays, is fitter than me
possessive
WHOSE
Alice, WHOSE parents live next to us, is trying to get a job
Things as:
subject
WHICH
I went to Port Aventura, WHICH is a famous park
object (of a verb)
WHICH
Port Aventura, WHICH I have visited on several occasions, is near Tarragona
object (of a preposition)
WHICH
John's house, WHICH we were talking ABOUT just yesterday, has been demolished
Notice that the preposition moves to the end of the clause.Where and when can also introduce non-defining relative clauses:
Three years ago I travelled to Austria, WHERE I met my future husband I read lots of books last month, WHEN I had a broken leg
possessive
WHOSE
Living in Barcelona, WHOSE climate is temperate, is a wish many people have
Connective Relative Clauses
They
have the same form as non-defining relative clauses. They do not
describe a noun but continue the story. They are introduced by who,
which and whose, which can be replaced by and or but. They are usually
placed after the object of the main verb or after the preposition + noun
structure:
I told Jane, WHO said it wasn't her business (BUT she said it wasn't her business)
We went with John, WHOSE car broke down before we got there (BUT his car broke down before we got there)
He drank a lot of whisky, WHICH made him ill (AND it made him ill)
WHICH can also stand for a whole sentence:
They asked me to go away, WHICH was very rude They said it was his fault, WHICH wasn't true
RELATIVE PRONOUNS and ADVERBS!
A) Complete the sentences with WHO or WHICH
1) Who's the young lady ................is standing out there?
2) An atlas is a book................is full of different maps.
3) The teenagers ...............are queuing want tickets for next's week concert.
4) What was the name of the man ................ discovered Machu Pichu?
5) A compass is a device ....................shows direction.
6) Shakespeare was a British writer...................wrote Romeo and Juliet.
7) Penguins are birds .....................cannot fly.
8) Lady Di was the Welsh princess .................died in a terrible car accident.
9) Henri Becquerel was the scientist ......................discovered X-rays.
B) Complete using WHO, WHICH, THAT,WHOSE or WHERE.
1) A kangaroo is an animal lives in Australia.
2) In 1998 I travelled to Paris, I met my husband.
3) Marie Curie, was born in Poland in 1867, was a scientist.
4) Karen, surname is Johnson, is a beautiful model.
5) Van Gogh was a painter paintings are worldwide.
6) A camel is an animal lives in the desert.
7) Radium is a metal shines in the dark.
8) That is the girlbrother is a famous footballer.
9) He lived in New York, he worked for the New York Times.
10) The Coliseum was an amphitheatre Romans enjoyed plays, chariot races and gladiator fights many centuries ago.
I. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers: much, many a. It seems to me that we've had assignments in English this term. b. How material can we be expected to read in one week? c. books are not in the library. d. I've had headaches already because of stress. e. depression can be attributed to being overworked.
II.
Using the button at the bottom of the quiz, check your answers in Part
I. (Incorrect responses will be blanked out.) If you got them all
correct, go back and substitute either "lots of" or "a lot of" where you think those quantifiers might be appropriate. Re-check your answers.
III. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers: much, many, few, little, most. When
you've gotten all the answers right, see if you can substitute other
quantifiers from the list. (HINT: Three of the last four sentences could
have two different answers.) a. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too weeds. b. I didn't use fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference. c. Also, I've paid attention to how rain we've had. d. I'm afraid it's rained times this summer, and the grass is turning brown and dying. e. experts say you should fertilize your lawn in the fall. f. It didn't seem to do my lawn good. g. advice you get from experts doesn't seem to help. h. of my neighbors ignore their grass, and they have better lawns this year.
IV. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers: a little, little, a few, few.
Again, when you've gotten all the answers correct, go back and try
substituting other quantifiers. (HINT: Three of the four can have more
than one correct response.) a. They say knowledge is a bad thing. b. I know instances where that proves true. c. people know as much about computers as Tomasz does. d. But it does him good when the whole system goes down.
